Notorious Historical Figures Who Died By Guillotine

Louis XVI was killed in January 1793 by guillotine, writes Biography. A financial crisis partly caused the French Revolution that lost him his crown — and his head. The revolutionaries were ready for change that Louis XVI wasn't able to provide.

Shy as a young man, Louis XVI was much more interested in woodworking and locksmithing. Historians have speculated that he suffered from depression and that it manifested itself as severe indecision — a travesty for a ruler of such a large country, especially one undergoing massive social upheaval as France was at the time. He, like his wife, Marie Antoinette, was not prepared to single-handedly pull France out of debt. Assisting the Americans with their revolution and separation from Britain also didn't help.

In 1792, Louis XVI hit upon the idea of a war with Austria to win back his shaky authority. This proved to be a bad plan and didn't work but instead led to suspicions of treason being bandied about. In November, he and his family were arrested, he and his wife specifically for treason due to their so-called secret dealings.

Louis XVI was quickly found guilty by the newly formed National Assembly and was beheaded on January 21 in the Place de la Revolution.

Maximilien Robespierre was a Jacobin who engineered France's Reign of Terror during the French Revolution. Robespierre was elected to the Committee of Public Safety and organized thousands of deaths from 1793 to 1794, according to Biography.

He was interested in the writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and especially by the idea of a man against the world with only his conscience to guide him. He stuck to a very strict version of morality. Though Robespierre was against the death penalty, during the Reign of Terror, he was able to eliminate many of his political enemies. More than 17,000 people were executed from September 1793 to August 1794.

However, by the summer of 1794, many moderates and revolutionaries in the French government began to feel that Robespierre was going too far, since many enemies of the revolution had already been dealt with and killed. Therefore, in July 27, 1794, his opponents banded together to arrest him. Robespierre managed to escape to the Paris Hotel de Ville, attempted but did not succeed in killing himself, and was captured again when troops stormed the building. Robespierre was guillotined the next day.

Christian Ranucci was executed in Marseilles, France, in 1976, at the age of 22. He had abducted and murdered an 8-year-old girl two years prior. This execution was the first in France in two years, according to The Guardian, and it was also the 20th execution in the past 20 years.

Ranucci picked the girl up to give her a ride but crashed his car just minutes later, and according to him, panicked and lashed out. Though French President Giscard D'Estaing had indicated in his campaign that he was against the death penalty, he had been influenced by the Ministers of the Interior and Justice, who were calling for greater crackdowns on violent crimes.

The president seemed to be changing his views by the time the Ranucci case came around, though he stayed firm in cases where children were put into premeditated kidnapping situations where they were close to death. This made Ranucci's case contentious, since the girl's death was not necessarily premeditated. Several high-profile child murder cases happened around the same time in France, including Ranucci's. It's not surprising that public opinion guided so many decisions. Nonetheless, conservatives celebrated, and liberals despaired. France ultimately abolished the death penalty four years later.

Jerome Carrein was an ex-convict and murderer of an 8-year-old schoolgirl. He was the second-to-last person executed in France on June 23, 1977, in a Douai prison courtyard, according to Executed Today.

Carrein was homeless and spent most nights in the swamps of Arleux. He begged from relatives, as well as a local bar. Unfortunately, that bar would absolutely come to regret helping him.

On Oct. 27, 1975, Carrein convinced the daughter of his barkeep friend to come with him to the swamp where he stayed. He apparently attempted to assault her, but she struggled, and he drowned her. Carrein confessed quickly, saying, according to Executed Today, "I saw red. I felt lost in the idea that she would denounce me, so I threw her in the pond."

Carrein was tried twice, both during other high-profile cases that bumped up the possibility of his getting the death sentence. One of those trials was of Christian Ranucci, and the other was a man named Patrick Henry, who had also murdered a child but only received life in prison. 

Johan Alfred Ander, a Swedish citizen, was convicted of robbery and murder at an exchange agency in Sweden in 1910. He was later found with blood-soaked bills, which was enough to sentence him, since the murder weapon had also been found, according to History.Info. The agency's employee was beaten so badly by the robber that she died. He is the only person Sweden has ever executed by guillotine.

Ander claimed that the bills had been given to him by a stranger, and he never confessed to the murder, but the courts all agreed on the charges and sentenced him to death, even though Sweden had never committed anyone to death via guillotine. The guillotine Ander was executed with was new, just from France, and the action took place at Stockholm's Långholmen Prison. Ander was reportedly calm on the day of his execution.

The execution apparently went smoothly. Sweden abolished the death penalty in 1921.

Marie Antoinette lived nearly a year longer than her husband, Louis XVI, and was executed in October 1793. An Austrian archduchess by birth, she had never been terribly popular in France, first for her childlessness and later for her spending and capriciousness, according to Biography. Historians argue that the famous line that supposedly belongs to her, "Let them eat cake!" she never actually said.

However, like Louis XVI, she was unprepared to do what needed to be done to heal France. For most of her life, the main purpose was to have children for the crown. Marie Antoinette was not a politician, and unfortunately, both of her sons died young.

When given her sentence of execution at 4:30 a.m. on October 15, the former queen didn't say a word. She was guillotined at 12:30 p.m. the next morning, according to History Extra.

Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI left behind their two children, only one of whom survived — their oldest daughter, Marie Therese. Their son, Louis Charles, died while in prison, either from abuse or neglect (via History). By the time Marie Antoinette was executed, the Reign of Terror had already been ongoing for a month.